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Bìa sách The Origin of Species

The Origin of Species

Charles Darwin

Phi hư cấukhoảng 23 giờ 45 phút nghe

A distinguished amateur scientist lays out the evidence for the origin of species by means of natural selection.

Mục lục

  1. Imprint
  2. Epigraphs
  3. An Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species, Previously to the Publication of the First Edition of This Work
  4. Introduction
  5. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
  6. I: Variation Under Domestication
  7. Causes of Variability
  8. Effects of Habit and of the Use or Disuse of Parts; Correlated Variation; Inheritance
  9. Character of Domestic Varieties; Difficulty of Distinguishing Between Varieties and Species; Origin of Domestic Varieties from One or More Species
  10. Breeds of the Domestic Pigeon, Their Differences and Origin
  11. Principles of Selection Anciently Followed, and Their Effects
  12. Unconscious Selection
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  1. Circumstances Favourable to Man’s Power of Selection
  2. II: Variation Under Nature
  3. Individual Differences
  4. Doubtful Species
  5. Wide-Ranging, Much Diffused, and Common Species Vary Most
  6. Species of the Larger Genera in Each Country Vary More Frequently Than the Species of the Smaller Genera
  7. Many of the Species Included Within the Larger Genera Resemble Varieties in Being Very Closely, but Unequally, Related to Each Other, and in Having Restricted Ranges
  8. Summary
  9. III: Struggle for Existence
  10. The Term, Struggle for Existence, Used in a Large Sense
  11. Geometrical Ratio of Increase
  12. Nature of the Checks to Increase
  13. Complex Relations of All Animals and Plants to Each Other in the Struggle for Existence
  14. Struggle for Life Most Severe Between Individuals and Varieties of the Same Species
  15. IV: Natural Selection; or the Survival of the Fittest
  16. Sexual Selection
  17. Illustrations of the Action of Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest
  18. On the Intercrossing of Individuals
  19. Circumstances Favourable for the Production of New Forms Through Natural Selection
  20. Extinction Caused by Natural Selection
  21. Divergence of Character
  22. The Probable Effects of the Action of Natural Selection Through Divergence of Character and Extinction, on the Descendants of a Common Ancestor
  23. On the Degree to Which Organisation Tends to Advance
  24. Convergence of Character
  25. Summary of Chapter
  26. V: Laws of Variation
  27. Effects of the Increased Use and Disuse of Parts, as Controlled by Natural Selection
  28. Acclimatisation
  29. Correlated Variation
  30. Compensation and Economy of Growth
  31. Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-Organised Structures Are Variable
  32. A Part Developed in Any Species in an Extraordinary Degree or Manner, in Comparison with the Same Part in Allied Species, Tends to Be Highly Variable
  33. Specific Characters More Variable Than Generic Characters
  34. Secondary Sexual Characters Variable
  35. Distinct Species Present Analogous Variations, So That a Variety of One Species Often Assumes a Character Proper to an Allied Species, or Reverts to Some of the Characters of an Early Progenitor
  36. Summary
  37. VI: Difficulties of the Theory
  38. On the Absence or Rarity of Transitional Varieties
  39. On the Origin and Transition of Organic Beings with Peculiar Habits and Structure
  40. Organs of Extreme Perfection and Complication
  41. Modes of Transition
  42. Special Difficulties of the Theory of Natural Selection
  43. Organs of Little Apparent Importance, as Affected by Natural Selection
  44. Utilitarian Doctrine, How Far True: Beauty, How Acquired
  45. Summary: The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence Embraced by the Theory of Natural Selection
  46. VII: Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection
  47. VIII: Instinct
  48. Inherited Changes of Habit or Instinct in Domesticated Animals
  49. Special Instincts
  50. Instincts of the Cuckoo
  51. Slave-Making Instinct
  52. Cell-Making Instinct of the Hive-Bee
  53. Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection as Applied to Instincts: Neuter and Sterile Insects
  54. Summary
  55. IX: Hybridism
  56. Degrees of Sterility
  57. Laws Governing the Sterility of First Crosses and of Hybrids
  58. Origin and Causes of the Sterility of First Crosses and of Hybrids
  59. Reciprocal Dimorphism and Trimorphism
  60. Fertility of Varieties When Crossed, and of Their Mongrel Offspring, Not Universal
  61. Hybrids and Mongrels Compared, Independently of Their Fertility
  62. Summary of Chapter
  63. X: On the Imperfection of the Geological Record
  64. On the Lapse of Time, as Inferred from the Rate of Deposition and Extent of Denudation
  65. On the Poorness of Palaeontological Collections
  66. On the Absence of Numerous Intermediate Varieties in Any Single Formation
  67. On the Sudden Appearance of Whole Groups of Allied Species
  68. On the Sudden Appearance of Groups of Allied Species in the Lowest Known Fossiliferous Strata
  69. XI: On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings
  70. On Extinction
  71. On the Forms of Life Changing Almost Simultaneously Throughout the World
  72. On the Affinities of Extinct Species to Each Other, and to Living Forms
  73. On the State of Development of Ancient Compared with Living Forms
  74. On the Succession of the Same Types Within the Same Areas, During the Later Tertiary Periods
  75. Summary of the Preceding and Present Chapters
  76. XII: Geographical Distribution
  77. Single Centres of Supposed Creation
  78. Means of Dispersal
  79. Dispersal During the Glacial Period
  80. Alternate Glacial Periods in the North and South
  81. XIII: Geographical Distribution—Continued
  82. Freshwater Productions
  83. On the Inhabitants of Oceanic Islands
  84. Absence of Batrachians and Terrestrial Mammals on Oceanic Islands
  85. On the Relations of the Inhabitants of Islands to Those of the Nearest Mainland
  86. Summary of the Last and Present Chapters
  87. XIV: Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology—Embryology—Rudimentary Organs—Classification
  88. Analogical Resemblances
  89. On the Nature of the Affinities Connecting Organic Beings
  90. Morphology
  91. Development and Embryology
  92. Rudimentary, Atrophied, and Aborted Organs
  93. Summary
  94. XV: Recapitulation and Conclusion
  95. Glossary of the Principal Scientific Terms Used in the Present Volume
  96. List of Illustrations
  97. Endnotes
  98. Colophon
  99. Uncopyright

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